How 9/11 changed US foreign policy and global counterterrorism

Washington [US], September 10 (ANI): The September 11, 2001, attacks changed US overseas policy, intelligence, and counterterrorism forever.

One of the cardinal changes successful US overseas argumentation is simply a displacement to counterterrorism. The US prioritised counterterrorism, launching the Global War connected Terrorism, with subject interventions successful Afghanistan and Iraq.

Three days aft the gruesome attack, President George W. Bush visited the World Trade Centre tract to talk to rescue workers. Later, astatine the Washington National Cathedral, helium promised to 'answer these attacks, and escaped the satellite of evil.'

He declared a nationalist authorities of emergency, giving him much powerfulness to usage the military. A week later, a 2nd exigency declaration allowed the authorities to people violent financing worldwide. These exigency powers, renewed each year, are inactive successful effect today. They created the ground for wide-ranging home and planetary counterterrorism measures that followed.

On September 17, 2001, Bush allowed the CIA to detain anyone seen arsenic a 'continuing, superior threat' to the United States. This expanded the agency's detention powers and led to the instauration of concealed planetary 'black sites.' Abu Zubaidah, captured successful Pakistan successful March 2002, was the archetypal detainee.

The adjacent day, letters with anthrax were sent to newsrooms and legislature offices, sidesplitting 5 people. At first, Iraq was suspected, but the FBI aboriginal blamed American idiosyncratic Bruce Ivins, who died by termination successful 2008. These events accrued nationalist fearfulness and sped up some home and planetary information actions.

Congress rapidly authorised the president to usage 'all indispensable and due force' against those liable for 9/11 oregon anyone who helped them. This Authorisation for Use of Military Force (AUMF) archetypal focused connected al-Qaeda and the Taliban successful Afghanistan. Later, it expanded worldwide and became the ineligible ground for U.S. subject actions successful astatine slightest fourteen countries, including drone strikes nether President Obama. The AUMF linked the contiguous 9/11 effect to a larger planetary strategy against terrorism.

On September 20, Bush declared a planetary 'war connected terror' successful a code to Congress. He announced the Office of Homeland Security to coordinate home information efforts. He besides demanded that the Taliban manus implicit each al-Qaeda members, including Osama bin Laden, warning, 'either you are with america oregon you are with the terrorists.'

Another facet of the Bush Doctrine emphasised preemptive strikes against perceived threats, altering accepted notions of sovereignty and planetary relations.

Moreover, the US strengthened alliances and partnerships globally for quality sharing, associated operations, and capableness building.

Less than a period later, US and UK forces launched Operation Enduring Freedom successful Afghanistan with enactment from twenty-seven conjugation countries. By December, the Taliban had fallen, though bin Laden was inactive astatine large. NATO took bid of information operations successful 2003, portion US-led counterinsurgency continued for astir 20 years.

At home, the Patriot Act became instrumentality connected October 26, 2001. It improved coordination betwixt quality and instrumentality enforcement, accrued surveillance, and tightened rules connected violent financing. Critics said it was rushed and excessively broad, and aboriginal reports showed the NSA collected millions of Americans' telephone records.

In November 2001, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was created. It standardised airdrome information with rider screenings, full-body scanners, and rules connected liquids and electronics--measures that inactive impact aerial question today.

In 2003, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was established, combining much than 20 national agencies to forestall quality failures akin to those that occurred earlier 9/11.

The 9/11 attacks catalysed profound changes successful US overseas argumentation and counterterrorism approaches, Afghanistan and Iraq wars, and prolonged conflicts with important humanitarian and geopolitical consequences.

It besides impacted US relations with countries similar Iran, with missed diplomatic opportunities.

In February 2003, Secretary of State Colin Powell presented Iraq's alleged WMD programs and violent links astatine the UN. Investigations aft the penetration recovered nary progressive programs oregon al-Qaeda connections. On March 20, 2003, US and UK forces launched Operation Iraqi Freedom, toppling Saddam Hussein. The war, occupation, and insurgency lasted astir 10 years. U.S. unit levels peaked astatine implicit 160,000 successful 2008. The struggle killed astir 5,000 U.S. soldiers and 500,000 Iraqis, costing astir $2 trillion. UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan said the penetration violated planetary law, showing the semipermanent costs of post-9/11 decisions.

The 9/11 Commission released its last study connected July 22, 2004. It cited quality failures, mediocre connection betwixt agencies, and gaps successful aviation and migration security. The study led to the National Counterterrorism Center to coordinate the CIA, NSA, and different quality agencies. It besides confirmed nary Iraqi engagement successful 9/11 and ruled retired Saudi authorities complicity, conclusions that proceed to beryllium debated.

Bush welcomed Afghan person Hamid Karzai astatine the State of the Union and said, 'our warfare against panic is lone beginning,' calling Iran, North Korea, and Iraq an 'axis of evil.' These statements acceptable the absorption for U.S. overseas argumentation successful the pursuing years.

Bush linked Iraq to coercion successful September 2002, accusing Saddam Hussein of breaking UN resolutions, sheltering terrorists, and processing weapons of wide demolition (WMDs). Congress approved a 2nd AUMF successful October, giving the president much authority. UN inspectors returned successful November but recovered lone aged chemic weapons and nary progressive WMD program.

The counterterrorism strategies changed with drone warfare, accrued usage of drones for targeted strikes against high-value targets, raising ethical and efficacy questions.

The quality was overhauled, with reforms aimed astatine improving interagency connection and menace analysis, including the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI).

There were besides efforts to disrupt violent financing networks by initiating fiscal regulation.

Meanwhile, America witnessed a emergence successful home extremism, including achromatic supremacist threats, posing caller challenges; Terrorists leveraging technology; and counterterrorism efforts incorporating precocious analytics and cybersecurity.

In effect to these challenges, the US absorption has evolved, with great-power contention and home issues gaining prominence.

However, questions emerged implicit the outcomes of counterterrorism strategies versus their fiscal and quality costs, arsenic good arsenic concerns implicit surveillance and information measures impacting idiosyncratic rights.

At a outgo of fractional a cardinal dollars per year, historically, Guantanamo is the astir costly detention campy connected earth. It is the iconic illustration of the post-9/11 abandonment of the regularisation of instrumentality and continues to substance and warrant bigotry, stereotyping and stigma.

On January 11, 2002, the United States opened the detention installation astatine the U.S. naval basal successful Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Nearly 8 100 Muslim men and boys person been held determination implicit the years, each but a fistful without complaint oregon trial.

Nineteen al-Qaeda members hijacked 4 planes. Two planes crashed into New York City's World Trade Center towers, 1 deed the Pentagon adjacent Washington, DC, and the 4th crashed successful Pennsylvania aft passengers tried to regain control. The attacks killed 2,977 radical and were the effect of astir 10 years of readying by Osama bin Laden, driven by extremist Islamist beliefs. (ANI)